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AN EXAMPLE OF DOING THE CIRCUMSCRIPTION

In order to keep the example short we will take into account only the following facts from the earlier section on flying.

equation238

equation240

 

equation243

 

equation246

equation250

Their conjunction is taken as A(ab,flies). This means that what entities satisfy ab and what entities satisfy flies are to be chosen so as to minimize tex2html_wrap_inline1137 . Which objects are birds and ostriches are parameters rather than variables, i.e. what objects are birds is considered given.

We also need an axiom that asserts that the aspects are different. Here is a straightforward version that would be rather long were there more than three aspects.

displaymath1353

We could include this axiom in A(ab,flies), but as we shall see, it won't matter whether we do, because it contains neither ab nor flies. The circumscription formula tex2html_wrap_inline1369 is then  

  equation258

which spelled out becomes  

  equation262

A(ab,flies) is guaranteed to be true, because it is part of what is assumed in our common sense database. Therefore (42) reduces to  

  equation273

Our objective is now to make suitable substitutions for tex2html_wrap_inline1373 and tex2html_wrap_inline1375 so that all the terms preceding the tex2html_wrap_inline1377 in (43) will be true, and the right side will determine ab. The axiom A(ab,flies) will then determine flies, i.e. we will know what the fliers are. tex2html_wrap_inline1375 is easy, because we need only apply wishful thinking; we want the fliers to be just those birds that aren't ostriches. Therefore, we put  

  equation281

tex2html_wrap_inline1373 isn't really much more difficult, but there is a notational problem. We define

 

  equation285

which covers the cases we want to be abnormal.

Appendix A contains a complete proof as accepted by Jussi Ketonen's (1984) interactive theorem prover EKL. EKL uses the theory of types and therefore has no problem with the second order logic required by circumscription.


next up previous
Next: SIMPLE ABNORMALITY THEORIES Up: APPLICATIONS OF CIRCUMSCRIPTION Previous: THE BLOCKS WORLD

John McCarthy
Sat Jun 1 13:54:22 PDT 1996